فروق الروايات والقراءات (Riwayāt Tajweed Differences)
Key Usool (systematic phonetic rule) differences between Hafs, Warsh, Qalun, Hamzah, and other Imams.
Madd Munfasil (Disconnected Madd)
Differences in how long the disconnected Madd is stretched across reciters.
Stretched for 4 or 5 counts.
Stretched for 2 counts (Qasr).
Stretched for 6 counts (Ishba').
Madd Badl (Substitute Madd)
Differences in how long a Madd letter preceded by a Hamzah is stretched.
Strictly 2 counts.
Can be read as 2, 4, or 6 counts.
Treatment of the Hamzah (Tas-heel & Ibdal)
How sharp or soft the glottal stop is pronounced, especially when two Hamzahs meet.
Pronounces almost all Hamzahs sharply (Tahqeeq).
Heavily utilizes Tas-heel (softening the second Hamzah) or Ibdal (replacing it with a Madd letter) when two Hamzahs meet.
Naql (Transferring Vowels)
Transferring the vowel of a Hamzah to the silent consonant preceding it.
Does not transfer the vowel. Reads both letters clearly.
Transfers the vowel and deletes the Hamzah. (e.g., "Man Aamana" -> "Manaamana").
Sakt (Breathless Pause)
Pausing briefly without breathing before words starting with Hamzah.
Only 4 obligatory Sakts in the whole Quran (e.g., in Surah Kahf, Yasin).
Consistently pauses on a silent consonant before a Hamzah (e.g., "Al-Ard" -> "Al...Ard").
Imalah and Taqleel (Vowel Slanting)
Slanting the Fathah/Alif sound towards a Kasrah/Yaa sound.
Only 1 Imalah in the entire Quran ("Majreha" in Surah Hud).
Frequent use of Major Imalah on words ending in Alif Maqsurah (e.g., "Musa" -> "Musey").
Frequent use of Taqleel (a minor slant halfway between Fathah and Imalah).
Silat Meem al-Jam' (Plural Meem)
How to treat the plural Meem at the end of a word (e.g., 'Alayhim).
Stops on the Meem with a Sukoon.
Connects the Meem with a Waw, creating a 2-count stretch (e.g., "'Alayhimuu").
Idghaam Kabeer (Major Merging)
Merging a voweled letter into another voweled letter.
Does not apply Idghaam Kabeer. Only merges a silent letter into a voweled one.
Frequently merges voweled letters (e.g., "Ar-Rahmaan-ir-Raheem(i) Maalik(i)" -> "Ar-Rahmaan-ir-Raheem-Maalik").